Advancements in Microbiological Energy

Abstract

Microbiological energy harnesses the metabolic activities of microorganisms to convert organic and inorganic substrates into usable energy forms, primarily electricity, hydrogen, and methane. It offers a sustainable, low-emission alternative to fossil fuels while providing simultaneous benefits such as waste reduction and nutrient recovery. This review explores the major pathways and technologies in microbiological energy, including microbial fuel cells (MFCs), microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), anaerobic digestion, and microbial electrosynthesis. We discuss microbial community dynamics, biofilm formation, and electron transfer mechanisms central to energy generation. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering, materials science, and bioreactor design have significantly improved conversion efficiencies and system scalability. Additionally, we assess techno-economic feasibility, integration with wastewater treatment, and potential roles in decentralized energy systems. Challenges such as electron transfer limitations, low power densities, and upscaling are addressed alongside future directions. Microbiological energy stands as a transformative pillar in the global shift toward sustainable, circular bioeconomies