A Review of Solid Biomass Energy

Abstract

Solid biomass energy has emerged as a crucial pillar in the global transition towards renewable and low-carbon energy systems. Derived from diverse sources including agricultural residues, forestry waste, energy crops, and municipal organic waste, solid biomass offers a sustainable and carbon-neutral alternative to fossil fuels. This review comprehensively explores the current state of solid biomass energy, addressing feedstock availability, conversion technologies such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification, and their integration into power generation and heating applications. It critically evaluates environmental impacts, energy yields, and techno-economic viability. Furthermore, the paper discusses barriers related to feedstock logistics, policy uncertainty, and technological limitations, while outlining strategies to enhance efficiency, carbon reduction potential, and rural development. Future prospects are examined through the lens of advanced conversion technologies, integrated bio-refinery models, and circular economy frameworks. The findings suggest that while solid biomass cannot entirely replace fossil fuels, it can significantly contribute to localized, sustainable energy systems and decarbonization goals when appropriately managed and supported through robust policies.