From Simulation to Application: Advancements in Numerical Modeling of Energy Systems

Abstract

Numerical modeling has emerged as a cornerstone in the design, optimization, and control of modern energy systems. This review explores the evolution and application of numerical techniques, including computational fluid dynamics (CFD), finite element methods (FEM), and transient energy simulation tools, across various domains such as solar thermal collectors, fuel cells, wind turbines, and heat exchangers. The paper discusses governing equations, solution strategies, and model validation techniques. Recent advancements in coupling numerical models with artificial intelligence and optimization algorithms are highlighted. Results from selected case studies are analyzed to illustrate the impact of modeling assumptions, boundary conditions, and grid refinement on prediction accuracy. Finally, challenges such as numerical instability, computational cost, and data integration are discussed, along with future directions emphasizing real-time simulations and digital twins for energy systems.